The information of related literatures |
1. E. L. Aschim, A. Giwercman, O. Stahl, J. Eberhard, M. Cwikiel, A. Nordenskjold, T. B. Haugen, T. Grotmol and Y. L. Giwercman (2005) The RsaI polymorphism in the estrogen receptor-beta gene is associated with male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(9): 5343-8.
2. F. C. Araujo, C. A. Oliveira, A. B. Reis, H. L. Del Puerto, A. S. Martins and F. M. Reis (2009) Expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos and the immunolocalization of c-fos, phosphorylated c-fos and estrogen receptor beta in the human testis. Histol Histopathol 24(12): 1515-22.
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is under the control of a complex endocrine and paracrine system, including estrogen receptor (ER) signaling. In many target cells, ER promotes the transcription of c-fos and other proto-oncogenes to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Thus, in this study we evaluated the expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos and the immunolocalization of c-fos, phosphorylated c-fos and ERbeta proteins in the human testis. Testis tissue samples were obtained from 12 men undergoing orchiectomy as adjuvant treatment for prostate cancer, and were stained by immunohistochemistry for c-fos, phosphorylated c-fos and ERbeta localization. Both forms of c-fos proteins were immunoreactive, mainly in germ cells ( spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids) and Sertoli cells, while ERbeta was primarily present in somatic cells (Leydig, Sertoli and myofibrillar cells). In addition, testicular biopsies obtained from infertile men with obstructive azoospermia/normal spermatogenesis (n=8) or non-obstructive azoospermia/severely impaired spermatogenesis (n=12) were evaluated for c-fos and ERbeta mRNA levels using real time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of c-fos mRNA was significantly lower (fold change = 0.08, p<0.05) whereas that of ERbeta mRNA was higher (fold change = 9.43, p<0.05) in the testis of men with non-obstructive azoospermia compared to those with obstructive azoospermia. These findings suggest a complex interrelation between estrogen signaling and c-fos transcriptional activity within the human testis, with the increase of ERbeta mRNA being putatively a compensatory mechanism for lower c-fos expression in infertile men with damaged spermatogenesis. PMID: [19795350]
3. E. L. Aschim, T. Saether, R. Wiger, T. Grotmol and T. B. Haugen (2004) Differential distribution of splice variants of estrogen receptor beta in human testicular cells suggests specific functions in spermatogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92(1-2): 97-106.
Abstract
A growing number of estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) splice variants are reported. Several of these have been discovered in testis, but with few exceptions little is known about their cellular localization. The aim of this study was to identify and elucidate the mRNA expression pattern of the different ER beta splice variants in human testicular cells. Northern analysis was performed on whole testis and fractions enriched in germ cells from untreated men and from estrogen-treated men undergoing sex change surgery. Probes were constructed in order to systematically screen for and identify various ER beta splice variants. Several ER beta bands were observed in the human testis, in which splice variants constituted the major part of total ER beta transcripts. Interestingly, only two ER beta wild-type transcripts were detected. These seem to be virtually absent from the haploid germ cells and are probably mainly located in somatic cells and/or primary spermatocytes. Several novel ER beta deletion variants were found in high levels in the haploid germ cell fractions and were nearly absent in testicular cells from the estrogen-treated men. The cell-dependent distribution raises the question whether splice variants may have specific functions in spermatogenesis, and whether the differential splicing of ER beta is regulated in a cell-specific manner. PMID: [15544935]
4. J. E. Cavaco, S. S. Laurentino, A. Barros, M. Sousa and S. Socorro (2009) Estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human testis. Syst Biol Reprod Med 55(4): 137-44.
Abstract
Currently, clinical and experimental evidence point to an essential role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in male fertility. The expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) in human testis has been described. However, some studies were unable to detect ERalpha, while others report the expression of both isoforms, with ERbeta presenting a wide distribution within somatic and germinal testicular cells. This has suggested that estrogens may exert their testicular effects exclusively through ERbeta. The present work aims to study the expression of ERalpha and ERbeta in testicular biopsies of men with conserved and disrupted spermatogenesis, in order to better clarify the positive cell populations. Human testicular tissue was obtained from 10 men undergoing testicular biopsy for infertility relief due to azoospermia PMID: [19886769]
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Tissue Specificity |
Isoform beta-1 is expressed in testis andovary, and at a lower level in heart, brain, placenta, liver,skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, prostate, colon, bone marrow,mammary gland and uterus. Also found in uterine bone, breast, andovarian tumor cell lines, but not in colon and liver tumors.Isoform beta-2 is expressed in spleen, thymus, testis and ovaryand at a lower level in skeletal muscle, prostate, colon, smallintestine, leukocytes, bone marrow, mammary gland and uterus.Isoform beta-3 is found in testis. Isoform beta-4 is expressed intestis, and at a lower level in spleen, thymus, ovary, mammarygland and uterus. Isoform beta-5 is expressed in testis, placenta,skeletal muscle, spleen and leukocytes, and at a lower level inheart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, thymus, prostate, colon,small intestine, bone marrow, mammary gland and uterus. Notexpressed in brain. |