SpermatogenesisOnline 1.0
 

Tag Content
SG ID
SG00000862 
UniProt Accession
Theoretical PI
7.92  
Molecular Weight
51217 Da  
Genbank Nucleotide ID
Genbank Protein ID
Gene Name
Rxra 
Gene Synonyms/Alias
Nr2b1 
Protein Name
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha 
Protein Synonyms/Alias
Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group B member 1; Retinoid X receptor alpha; 
Organism
Mus musculus (Mouse) 
NCBI Taxonomy ID
10090 
Chromosome Location
chr:2;27531960-27618477;1
View in Ensembl genome browser  
Function in Stage
Function in Cell Type
Description
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bindas heterodimers to their target response elements in response totheir ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate geneexpression in various biological processes. RXR alpha may play a specific function during spermatogenesis. 
The information of related literatures
1. K. Thomas, D. Y. Sung, X. Chen, W. Thompson, Y. E. Chen, J. McCarrey, W. Walker and M. Griswold (2011) Developmental patterns of PPAR and RXR gene expression during spermatogenesis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 3(): 1209-20. 

Abstract
Members of the family of nuclear receptors that include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are important mediators of selective gene activation during development and cellular differentiation. In this study, developmentally-specific PPAR and RXR patterns of expression that occur in somatic and germ cell populations in the testis were determined using quantative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) studies on RNAs that were isolated from StaPut purified mouse germ cells and primary rat Sertoli cells. These qRT-PCR studies indicate that transcripts encoding the PPAR-Alpha (alpha), -Beta (beta), and -Gamma (gamma) and RXR -Alpha (alpha), -Beta (beta), and -Gamma (gamma) are developmentally expressed in both differentiating germ and Sertoli cells. In further experiments aimed at deciphering the physiological role that PPAR-Gamma (gamma) plays in Sertoli cells, 15-day primary rat Sertoli cells were infected with recombinant adenoviral vectors containing PPAR-Gamma (gamma) cDNA and PPAR-Gamma (gamma) RNAi constructs. Affymetrix microarray analysis and qRT-PCR validation studies using total RNA isolated from these transfected cells indicated that PPAR-Gamma regulates the pattern of expression of key lipid metabolic genes in Sertoli cells. PMID: [21622127] 

2. J. Brocard, P. Kastner and P. Chambon (1996) Two novel RXR alpha isoforms from mouse testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229(1): 211-8. 

Abstract
We report the isolation from mouse testis cDNA of two novel RXR alpha isoforms, mRXR alpha 2 and mRXR alpha 3, with distinct sequences upstream of exon 2. These two isoforms encode a similar protein (mRXR alpha 2/3) which lacks that 28 N-terminal amino acid residues of the major RXR alpha isoform, mRXR alpha 1. The N-terminal activation function (AF-1) of mRXR alpha 2/3 appears altered when compared to that of mRXR alpha 1. mRXR alpha 2 and mRXR alpha 3 are specifically expressed in the testis, and their expression is strongly upregulated in this tissue at puberty. These observations increase the molecular complexity of RXRs, and indicate that RXR alpha may play a specific function during spermatogenesis. PMID: [8954108] 

3. I. C. Gaemers, A. M. van Pelt, P. T. van der Saag, J. W. Hoogerbrugge, A. P. Themmen and D. G. de Rooij (1998) Differential expression pattern of retinoid X receptors in adult murine testicular cells implies varying roles for these receptors in spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 58(6): 1351-6. 

Abstract
Retinoids have previously been shown to be crucial for normal spermatogenesis. The role of retinoic acid receptors has been studied, but relatively little is known about the function of retinoid X receptors (RXRs). To gain more insight in the function of RXRs during spermatogenesis, the cellular localization of RXRs in the mouse testis was examined using immunohistochemistry and RNase protection assays. In both normal and vitamin A-deficient (VAD) testes, a strong immune response to an RXRalpha antibody occurred in Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells, and A spermatogonia. Weaker signals were found in spermatocytes and spermatids. In normal testes, an RXRbeta antibody gave a reaction in Leydig cells, and, to a lesser extent, in Sertoli cells, A spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and spermatids. In Leydig cells, a cytoplasmatic signal was found in addition to the nuclear signal. In the VAD testis, only Leydig cells and A spermatogonia were positive, which indicates that RXRbeta expression may be dependent on the retinoid status. Previous studies have shown RXRgamma mRNA expression in the mouse testis at a low level. Nevertheless, an RXRgamma antibody caused a strong immune response in interstitial cells and in A spermatogonia, and a weak signal in pachytene spermatocytes. These immunohistochemical data were supported by the results of RNase protection assays on mRNA of testicular cell isolations. In conclusion, the different RXRs in the mouse testis have distinct expression patterns, suggesting that they may have different functions. PMID: [9623592] 

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Figures for illustrating the function of this protein/gene
Ref: I. C. Gaemers, A. M. van Pelt, P. T. van der Saag, J. W. Hoogerbrugge, A. P. Themmen and D. G. de Rooij (1998) Differential expression pattern of retinoid X receptors in adult murine testicular cells implies varying roles for these receptors in spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 58(6): 1351-6. PMID: [9623592]
Function
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bindas heterodimers to their target response elements in response totheir ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate geneexpression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXRheterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE)composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The highaffinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid. RXRA serves as acommon heterodimeric partner for a number of nuclear receptors.The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid responseelements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known asDR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimersassociate with a multiprotein complex containing transcriptioncorepressors that induce histone acetylation, chromatincondensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding,the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate withthe coactivators leading to transcriptional activation. TheRXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptionalactivity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the P450system genes. 
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Subcellular Location
Nucleus. 
Tissue Specificity
 
Gene Ontology
GO IDGO termEvidence
GO:0030424 C:axon IEA:Compara.
GO:0000790 C:nuclear chromatin IEA:Compara.
GO:0005654 C:nucleoplasm TAS:Reactome.
GO:0004886 F:9-cis retinoic acid receptor activity IDA:MGI.
GO:0031490 F:chromatin DNA binding IDA:MGI.
GO:0003690 F:double-stranded DNA binding IEA:Compara.
GO:0044323 F:retinoic acid-responsive element binding IEA:Compara.
GO:0043565 F:sequence-specific DNA binding IGI:MGI.
GO:0003707 F:steroid hormone receptor activity IEA:InterPro.
GO:0070644 F:vitamin D response element binding IEA:Compara.
GO:0008270 F:zinc ion binding IEA:InterPro.
GO:0007568 P:aging IEA:Compara.
GO:0060978 P:angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis TAS:DFLAT.
GO:0031103 P:axon regeneration IEA:Compara.
GO:0060038 P:cardiac muscle cell proliferation TAS:DFLAT.
GO:0032869 P:cellular response to insulin stimulus IEA:Compara.
GO:0007565 P:female pregnancy IEA:Compara.
GO:0006954 P:inflammatory response IEA:Compara.
GO:0001889 P:liver development IEA:Compara.
GO:0060485 P:mesenchyme development TAS:DFLAT.
GO:0007494 P:midgut development IEA:Compara.
GO:0008285 P:negative regulation of cell proliferation IEA:Compara.
GO:0010629 P:negative regulation of gene expression TAS:DFLAT.
GO:0000122 P:negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter IEA:Compara.
GO:0035357 P:peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway IEA:Compara.
GO:0001890 P:placenta development IEA:Compara.
GO:0043065 P:positive regulation of apoptotic process IEA:Compara.
GO:0045944 P:positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter IDA:BHF-UCL.
GO:0060687 P:regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis IMP:MGI.
GO:0045471 P:response to ethanol IEA:Compara.
GO:0051384 P:response to glucocorticoid stimulus IEA:Compara.
GO:0014070 P:response to organic cyclic compound IEA:Compara.
GO:0032526 P:response to retinoic acid IEA:Compara.
GO:0010269 P:response to selenium ion IEA:Compara.
GO:0033280 P:response to vitamin D IEA:Compara.
GO:0060528 P:secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development IMP:MGI.
GO:0055012 P:ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation IMP:MGI.
GO:0055010 P:ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis IMP:MGI.
GO:0019048 P:virus-host interaction IEA:Compara.
GO:0061032 P:visceral serous pericardium development TAS:DFLAT.
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Interpro
IPR021780;    DUF3345.
IPR008946;    Nucl_hormone_rcpt_ligand-bd.
IPR000536;    Nucl_hrmn_rcpt_lig-bd_core.
IPR000003;    Retinoid-X_rcpt/HNF4.
IPR001723;    Str_hrmn_rcpt.
IPR001628;    Znf_hrmn_rcpt.
IPR013088;    Znf_NHR/GATA.
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Pfam
PF00104;    Hormone_recep;    1.
PF11825;    Nuc_recep-AF1;    1.
PF00105;    zf-C4;    1.
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SMART
SM00430;    HOLI;    1.
SM00399;    ZnF_C4;    1.
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PROSITE
PS00031;    NUCLEAR_REC_DBD_1;    1.
PS51030;    NUCLEAR_REC_DBD_2;    1.
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PRINTS
PR00545;    RETINOIDXR.;   
PR00398;    STRDHORMONER.;   
PR00047;    STROIDFINGER.;   
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Created Date
18-Oct-2012 
Record Type
Experiment identified 
Protein sequence Annotation
CHAIN         1    467       Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000053567.
DNA_BIND    140    205       Nuclear receptor.
ZN_FING     140    160       NR C4-type.
ZN_FING     176    200       NR C4-type.
REGION        1    139       Modulating domain (By similarity).
REGION      206    229       Hinge.
REGION      230    467       Ligand-binding domain.
MOD_RES      22     22       Phosphoserine.
MOD_RES      28     28       Phosphoserine (By similarity).
MOD_RES      61     61       Phosphoserine; by MAPK8 and MAPK9.
MOD_RES      75     75       Phosphoserine; by MAPK8 and MAPK9.
MOD_RES      87     87       Phosphothreonine; by MAPK8 and MAPK9.
MOD_RES     265    265       Phosphoserine; by MAPK8 and MAPK9.
CROSSLNK    113    113       Glycyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Gly)
                             (interchain with G-Cter in SUMO) (By
                             similarity).
MUTAGEN      22     22       S->A: Loss of constituitive
                             phosphorylation. No effect on RXRA
                             transcriptional activity.
MUTAGEN      44     44       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation.
MUTAGEN      48     48       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation.
MUTAGEN      54     54       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation.
MUTAGEN      61     61       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation, decreased stress-induced
                             phosphorylation but no effect on RXRA
                             transcriptional activity. Abolishes
                             stress-induced phosphorylation but no
                             effect on RXRA transcriptional activity;
                             when associated with A-75 and A-87. No
                             effect on RXRA transcriptional activity.
MUTAGEN      75     75       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation, decreased stress-induced
                             phosphorylation but no effect on RXRA
                             transcriptional activity. Abolishes
                             stress-induced phosphorylation but no
                             effect on RXRA transcriptional activity;
                             when associated with A-61 and A-87.
MUTAGEN      87     87       T->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation, decreased stress-induced
                             phosphorylation but no effect on RXRA
                             transcriptional activity. Abolishes
                             stress-induced phosphorylation but no
                             effect on RXRA transcriptional activity;
                             when associated with A-61 and A-75.
                             phosphorylation. No effect on RXRA
                             transcriptional activity.
MUTAGEN      96     96       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation.
MUTAGEN     101    101       S->A: No effect on constituitive
                             phosphorylation.
MUTAGEN     265    265       S->A: No effect on constiuitive
                             phosphorylation but loss of stress-
                             induced phosphorylation. No effect on
                             RXRA transcriptional activity.
MUTAGEN     455    456       FL->AA: Abolishes interaction with ASXL1
                             and NCOA1.
MUTAGEN     459    460       ML->AA: Abolishes interaction with ASXL1
                             and NCOA1.
HELIX       231    234
HELIX       237    246
HELIX       269    282
HELIX       284    289
TURN        292    296
HELIX       299    321
STRAND      323    330
STRAND      336    338
HELIX       339    344
HELIX       348    357
HELIX       359    364
HELIX       369    380
HELIX       391    412
HELIX       419    424
HELIX       426    438
TURN        439    443
HELIX       447    449
HELIX       452    461
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Nucleotide Sequence
Length: 1883 bp   Go to nucleotide: FASTA
Protein Sequence
Length: 467 bp   Go to amino acid: FASTA
The verified Protein-Protein interaction information
Other Protein-Protein interaction resources
String database  
View Microarray data
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