SG00001037

Basigin is a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein with two immunoglobulin-like domains. Basigin, through the interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells, is an essential factor in the growth and/or survival of spermatids. Basigin is also an important cell-surface molecule involved in early embryogenesis

The information of related literatures

1. Y. Toyama, M. Maekawa, K. Kadomatsu, T. Miyauchi, T. Muramatsu and S. Yuasa (1999) Histological characterization of defective spermatogenesis in mice lacking the basigin gene. Anat Histol Embryol 28(3): 205-13.

Abstract
Basigin is a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In the light of the fact that knockout mice lacking the basigin gene (Bsg) are azoospermic, the phenotype in the male reproductive system was extensively examined in this study. Spermatogenesis in Bsg (-/-) mice was found to be disrupted, and arrested at the metaphase of the first meiotic division. A few germ cells differentiated into young spermatids, but they were exfoliated. The lumens of the male reproductive system were filled with round degenerated cells. Using the TUNEL method and electron microscopy, some of the degenerated cells in the testis and epididymal head were shown to be apoptotic. Crystalloids of fine tubules and unusual ectoplasmic specializations were also observed in the Sertoli cells of Bsg (-/-) mice. These specializations displayed unusual 'circular' structures. Furthermore, unusual ectoplasmic specializations covering the spermatocytes rather than the mature spermatids were found. These structures were formed as a result of the lack of mature spermatids in the Bsg (-/-) testis. Results from analyses of azoospermia in the Bsg (-/-) mice suggest that basigin, through the interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells, is an essential factor in the growth and/or survival of spermatids. PMID: [10458027]

2. M. Maekawa, F. Suzuki-Toyota, Y. Toyama, K. Kadomatsu, M. Hagihara, N. Kuno, T. Muramatsu, K. Dohmae and S. Yuasa (1998) Stage-specific localization of basigin, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, during mouse spermatogenesis. Arch Histol Cytol 61(5): 405-15.

Abstract
Ablation of the transmembrane glycoprotein basigin leads to azoospermic mice, indicating that this gene is essential for spermatogenesis. To examine the functions of basigin in the testis, the precise localization of basigin during spermatogenesis was examined immunohistochemically. In the adult mouse testis, basigin immunoreactivity appeared on the cell surface of leptotene spermatocytes and gradually increased in intensity during the meiotic prophase. Cytoplasmic staining, as well as cell surface staining, was detected in spermatids. The most conspicuous reactivity was found in the spermatids at steps 9-11 and in the flagella of spermatids. Immuno-electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that basigin was localized not only on the plasma membranes of spermatocytes and spermatids, but also on the plasma membrane of the Sertoli cell processes which contact the spermatocytes and spermatids. Basigin immunoreactivity was also detected during postnatal development in spermatocytes and spermatids but not in spermatogonia. Experimental cryptorchid testes which contain only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium showed no basigin immunoreactivity. Seven days after surgical reversal of the cryptorchid testis, spermatocytes reappeared in the tubules, along with basigin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, in sterile mutant mice, in which neither spermatocytes nor spermatids were generated, no basigin immunoreactivity was detected in the seminiferous tubules. These findings indicate that expression of basigin is concomitant with appearance of spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubule, and suggest that basigin is involved in the interaction between Sertoli cells and germ cells at specific stages of spermatogenesis. PMID: [9990424]

3. T. Igakura, K. Kadomatsu, T. Kaname, H. Muramatsu, Q. W. Fan, T. Miyauchi, Y. Toyama, N. Kuno, S. Yuasa, M. Takahashi, T. Senda, O. Taguchi, K. Yamamura, K. Arimura and T. Muramatsu (1998) A null mutation in basigin, an immunoglobulin superfamily member, indicates its important roles in peri-implantation development and spermatogenesis. Dev Biol 194(2): 152-65.

Abstract
Basigin is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein with two immunoglobulin-like domains. We generated mutant mice lacking the basigin gene (Bsg) by gene targeting. Bsg (-/-) embryos developed normally during preimplantation stages. However, the majority of Bsg (-/-) embryos died around the time of implantation. At this time, basigin mRNA was strongly expressed in the trophectoderm, embryo proper, and uterine endometrium of Bsg (+/+) mice. These results suggest that basigin is involved in intercellular recognition during implantation. Embryos which survived the critical period yielded Bsg (-/-) mutant mice. Half of the mutant mice died before 1 month after birth, due to interstitial pneumonia. The surviving adult mutant mice were small and sterile. Spermatogenesis was arrested in the mutant mice. Most of the spermatocytes in the Bsg (-/-) mouse were arrested and degenerated at the metaphase of the first meiosis, and only a small number differentiated to step 1 spermatids. In the female mutants, the ovaries and genital tract were morphologically normal, and the defect was probably in the capability of implantation of the uterus. In conclusion, basigin is an important cell-surface molecule involved in early embryogenesis and reproduction. PMID: [9501026]

4. H. Chen, K. L. Fok, S. Yu, J. Jiang, Z. Chen, Y. Gui, Z. Cai and H. C. Chan (2011) CD147 is required for matrix metalloproteinases-2 production and germ cell migration during spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 17(7): 405-14.

Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a highly programmed process that requires the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the remodeling of tight junctions (TJ) to facilitate differentiating germ cell migration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential in regulating Sertoli cell TJ in the testis. CD147 is known to stimulate the production of MMPs in tumor metastasis and its knockout mice are infertile. However, the functional relationship between CD147 and MMPs in spermatogenesis has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the expression profile of CD147 and MMPs during mouse testicular development by RT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining. We also examined CD147 involvement in the production of MMP-2 and the migration of germ cells (GC-1 and GC-2 cells) using CD147 antibody or synthetic microRNA mimics-mediated knockdown. The results showed that CD147 was present at all stages of testicular development from 7 to 56 days post-partum (dpp). CD147 expression was found to increase after 21 days from moderate levels in 7 and 14 days. Of the eight MMPs studied, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-23 were detected to have changes in expression during testicular development, with MMP-2 showing the largest change. CD147 and MMP-2 were co-localized in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids in mouse testis, while in human testis, they were co-localized in spermatocytes and round spermatids. MMP-2 expression and migration of GC-1 and GC-2 cells were reduced by interfering with CD147 expression and function in vitro. These data suggest that CD147 regulates migration of spermatogonia and spermatocytes via induction of MMP-2 production during spermatogenesis. PMID: [21343160]

Figures for illustrating the function of this protein/gene

	Ref: H. Chen, K. L. Fok, S. Yu, J. Jiang, Z. Chen, Y. Gui, Z. Cai and H. C. Chan (2011) CD147 is required for matrix metalloproteinases-2 production and germ cell migration during spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 17(7): 405-14. PMID: [21343160]
	Ref: H. Chen, K. L. Fok, S. Yu, J. Jiang, Z. Chen, Y. Gui, Z. Cai and H. C. Chan (2011) CD147 is required for matrix metalloproteinases-2 production and germ cell migration during spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 17(7): 405-14. PMID: [21343160]
	Ref: H. Chen, K. L. Fok, S. Yu, J. Jiang, Z. Chen, Y. Gui, Z. Cai and H. C. Chan (2011) CD147 is required for matrix metalloproteinases-2 production and germ cell migration during spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 17(7): 405-14. PMID: [21343160]

Function

Plays pivotal roles in spermatogenesis, embryoimplantation, neural network formation and tumor progression.Stimulates adjacent fibroblasts to produce matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPS). May target monocarboxylate transportersSLC16A1, SLC16A3 and SLC16A8 to plasma membranes of retinalpigment epithelium and neural retina. Seems to be a receptor foroligomannosidic glycans. In vitro, promotes outgrowth ofastrocytic processes.

Subcellular Location

Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membraneprotein. Melanosome (By similarity). Note=Colocalizes with SLC16A1and SLC16A8. In spermatozoa, localized on the principal piece ofcaput and in the middle piece during transit in the corpus andcauda epididymides.

Tissue Specificity

Isoform 1 is specifically expressed in retina.Isoform 2 is widely expressed, including adult organs, embryos andEC cells. Expressed in spermatozoa.

Gene Ontology

GO ID	GO term	Evidence
GO:0002080	C:acrosomal membrane	IDA:MGI.
GO:0016021	C:integral to membrane	IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
GO:0042470	C:melanosome	IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
GO:0045121	C:membrane raft	IEA:Compara.
GO:0005739	C:mitochondrion	IEA:Compara.
GO:0042383	C:sarcolemma	IEA:Compara.
GO:0005537	F:mannose binding	IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
GO:0046697	P:decidualization	IEA:Compara.
GO:0007566	P:embryo implantation	IEA:Compara.
GO:0042475	P:odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	IEA:Compara.
GO:0051591	P:response to cAMP	IEA:Compara.
GO:0046689	P:response to mercury ion	IEA:Compara.
GO:0043434	P:response to peptide hormone stimulus	IEA:Compara.

Interpro

IPR007110;    Ig-like.
IPR013783;    Ig-like_fold.
IPR013098;    Ig_I-set.
IPR003599;    Ig_sub.
IPR003598;    Ig_sub2.
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Pfam

PF07679; I-set; 1.
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SMART

SM00409; IG; 1.
SM00408; IGc2; 1.
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PROSITE

PS50835; IG_LIKE; 3.
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PRINTS

Created Date

18-Oct-2012

Record Type

Experiment identified

Protein sequence Annotation

SIGNAL        1     21
CHAIN        22    389       Basigin.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000014519.
TOPO_DOM     22    325       Extracellular (Potential).
TRANSMEM    326    349       Helical; (Potential).
TOPO_DOM    350    389       Cytoplasmic (Potential).
DOMAIN      138    219       Ig-like C2-type.
DOMAIN      221    319       Ig-like V-type.
MOD_RES     358    358       Phosphothreonine.
MOD_RES     372    372       Phosphoserine (By similarity).
CARBOHYD    160    160       N-linked (GlcNAc...).
CARBOHYD    270    270       N-linked (GlcNAc...).
CARBOHYD    275    275       N-linked (GlcNAc...).
CARBOHYD    306    306       N-linked (GlcNAc...).
CARBOHYD    309    309       N-linked (GlcNAc...).
DISULFID    157    203       By similarity.
DISULFID    242    305       By similarity.
VAR_SEQ      24    139       Missing (in isoform 2).
                             /FTId=VSP_011502.
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Nucleotide Sequence

Length: 1242 bp Go to nucleotide: FASTA

Protein Sequence

Length: 389 bp Go to amino acid: FASTA

The verified Protein-Protein interaction information

UniProt	Gene Symbol	Ref Databases
1433B_MOUSE	Ywhab	IntAct
PDIP2_MOUSE	Poldip2	String
PDIP2_MOUSE	Poldip2	String
RYR1_HUMAN	RYR1	MINT

Other Protein-Protein interaction resources

String database

View Microarray data

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