SpermatogenesisOnline 1.0
 

Tag Content
SG ID
SG00001914 
UniProt Accession
Theoretical PI
8.75  
Molecular Weight
13176 Da  
Genbank Nucleotide ID
Genbank Protein ID
Gene Name
Ghrl 
Gene Synonyms/Alias
 
Protein Name
Appetite-regulating hormone Ghrelin Obestatin-23 Obestatin-13 
Protein Synonyms/Alias
Growth hormone secretagogue; Growth hormone-releasing peptide; Motilin-related peptide;Contains:Contains:Contains:Flags: Precursor 
Organism
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) 
NCBI Taxonomy ID
10116 
Chromosome Location
chr:4;149622566-149628111;-1
View in Ensembl genome browser  
Function in Stage
Function in Cell Type
Description
Temporarily unavailable 
The information of related literatures
1. A. Lukaszyk, L. Rafinska, P. Sawinski, A. Kasprzak, K. Olejniczak, M. Rucinski, M. Ruchala and J. Sowinski (2009) Immunohistochemical and hybridocytochemical study on ghrelin signalling in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 47(3): 415-23. 

Abstract
The results of presented study demonstrate expression of ghrelin, its functional receptor GHSR-1a and their genes in spermatogenic cells of rat testis suggesting their functioning within seminiferous epithelium. The immunohistochemical and hybrydocytochemical expression, of proteins and transcripts, was estimated taking into account the cycle of seminiferous epithelium and phases of spermatogenesis. Both transcripts and ghrelin was found to show nuclear expression and scarcely cytoplasmic. Expression of genes for ghrelin and GHSR-1a was shown in early spermatocytes and round spermatids representing transcriptional phases of meiosis and spermiogenesis. Ghrelin was evidenced to show nuclear expression in two stage-specific windows, in late spermatogonia, in spermatocytes up to early pachytenes, and again in spermatids of acrosome and early maturation phase of spermiogenesis. In late pachytenes, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids, maturing spermatids and spermatozoa the reaction is lacking. With two types of antibodies against the GHSR-1a used the two different patterns of immunostaining was evidenced suggesting two isoforms of GHSR-1a. The first evidenced GHSR-1a in cytoplasm of spermatocytes, cell membrane and acrosomes of spermatids, Sertoli cell processes and heads of spermatozoa. With second type of antibodies the immunostaining marks all steps of evolution of acrosome in spermatids. It is believed that site of ghrelin expression in seminiferous epithelium may indicate its role in local regulations, not excepting the intracellular signalling. Immunostaining pattern for GHSR-1a seems to suggest both its participation in the cross-talk among the cells and also process of furnishing gametes with GHSR-1a for its response to ghrelin in seminal plasma or female reproductive tract. PMID: [20164026] 

Back to Top
Figures for illustrating the function of this protein/gene
Ref: A. Lukaszyk, L. Rafinska, P. Sawinski, A. Kasprzak, K. Olejniczak, M. Rucinski, M. Ruchala and J. Sowinski (2009) Immunohistochemical and hybridocytochemical study on ghrelin signalling in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 47(3): 415-23. PMID: [20164026]
Function
Obestatin may be the ligand for GPR39. May have anappetite-reducing effect resulting in decreased food intake. Mayreduce gastric emptying activity and jejunal motility. 
Back to Top
Subcellular Location
Secreted. 
Tissue Specificity
Ghrelin is broadly expressed with higherexpression in the stomach. Very low levels are detected in thehypothalamus, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine and adipose tissue.Obestatin is most highly expressed in jejunum, and also found induodenum, stomach, pituitary, ileum, liver, hypothalamus andheart. Expressed in low levels in pancreas, cerebellum, cerebrum,kidney, testis, ovary colon and lung. 
Gene Ontology
GO IDGO termEvidence
GO:0030424 C:axon ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0005737 C:cytoplasm IEA:Compara.
GO:0005615 C:extracellular space ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0030296 F:protein tyrosine kinase activator activity ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0008154 P:actin polymerization or depolymerization ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0000187 P:activation of MAPK activity ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0008343 P:adult feeding behavior ISS:HGNC.
GO:0006916 P:anti-apoptosis IDA:UniProtKB.
GO:0046697 P:decidualization ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0016358 P:dendrite development IEA:Compara.
GO:0007204 P:elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration IDA:UniProtKB.
GO:0007186 P:G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway IDA:UniProtKB.
GO:0001696 P:gastric acid secretion IDA:UniProtKB.
GO:0042322 P:negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep IEA:Compara.
GO:0001937 P:negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0050728 P:negative regulation of inflammatory response ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0046676 P:negative regulation of insulin secretion IDA:MGI.
GO:0032691 P:negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0045409 P:negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0040013 P:negative regulation of locomotion IEA:Compara.
GO:0042536 P:negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0032100 P:positive regulation of appetite ISS:HGNC.
GO:0046010 P:positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep IEA:Compara.
GO:0051461 P:positive regulation of corticotropin secretion IEA:Compara.
GO:0051464 P:positive regulation of cortisol secretion IEA:Compara.
GO:0060124 P:positive regulation of growth hormone secretion IEA:Compara.
GO:0032024 P:positive regulation of insulin secretion IDA:UniProtKB.
GO:0051965 P:positive regulation of synapse assembly IEA:Compara.
GO:0060079 P:regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential IEA:Compara.
GO:0043627 P:response to estrogen stimulus ISS:UniProtKB.
Back to Top
Interpro
IPR006737;    Motilin_assoc.
IPR006738;    Motilin_ghrelin.
IPR005441;    Preproghrelin.
Back to Top
Pfam
PF04643;    Motilin_assoc;    1.
PF04644;    Motilin_ghrelin;    1.
Back to Top
SMART
PROSITE
PRINTS
PR01624;    GHRELIN.;   
Back to Top
Created Date
18-Oct-2012 
Record Type
Experiment identified 
Protein sequence Annotation
SIGNAL        1     23
PEPTIDE      24     51       Ghrelin.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000019209.
PROPEP       52     75       Removed in mature form.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000019210.
PEPTIDE      76     98       Obestatin-23.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000045146.
PEPTIDE      86     98       Obestatin-13 (Probable).
                             /FTId=PRO_0000045147.
PROPEP       99    117       Removed in mature form.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000045148.
MOD_RES      98     98       Leucine amide.
LIPID        26     26       O-octanoyl serine.
VAR_SEQ      37     37       Missing (in isoform 2).
                             /FTId=VSP_003248.
Back to Top
Nucleotide Sequence
Length: 501 bp   Go to nucleotide: FASTA
Protein Sequence
Length: 117 bp   Go to amino acid: FASTA
The verified Protein-Protein interaction information
UniProt
 Gene Symbol Ref Databases
Ssx2ipString 
Ssx2ipString 
Other Protein-Protein interaction resources
String database  
View Microarray data
Temporarily unavailable 
Comments