SpermatogenesisOnline 1.0
 

Tag Content
SG ID
SG00002000 
UniProt Accession
Theoretical PI
6.13  
Molecular Weight
52239 Da  
Genbank Nucleotide ID
Genbank Protein ID
Gene Name
Smad2 
Gene Synonyms/Alias
Madh2 
Protein Name
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 
Protein Synonyms/Alias
MAD homolog 2Mothers against DPP homolog 2 Mad-related protein 2; SMAD family member 2;SMAD 2Smad2 
Organism
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) 
NCBI Taxonomy ID
10116 
Chromosome Location
chr:18;73180171-73242126;1
View in Ensembl genome browser  
Function in Stage
Function in Cell Type
Description
Temporarily unavailable 
The information of related literatures
1. J. Xu, A. R. Beyer, W. H. Walker and E. A. McGee (2003) Developmental and stage-specific expression of Smad2 and Smad3 in rat testis. J Androl 24(2): 192-200. 

Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor beta type (TGFbeta) superfamily and their receptors are expressed in the testis, and are believed to play important paracrine and autocrine roles during testicular development and spermatogenesis. The Smad proteins are downstream mediators for the family of TGFbeta growth factors. Smad2 and Smad3 are associated with both TGFbeta and activin signaling. However, very little is known about the expression and regulation of the Smad signaling proteins in the testis. In the present study, we have determined that Smad2 and Smad3 proteins are expressed in the postnatal testes of rats from 5 days to 60 days of age. Expression levels for both proteins are higher in young rats than in sexually mature rats. Smad2 and Smad3 messenger RNA levels parallel protein expression. Smad2 and Smad3 proteins are mainly localized in the cytoplasm of meiotic germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Smad3 protein is localized to the nucleus of preleptotene to zygotene primary spermatocytes in young rats. Both proteins are expressed throughout all stages of the cycle of seminiferous tubules but are expressed at their lowest levels at stages VII-VIII in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rats. The presence of these downstream mediators in these cell types supports a role for TGFbeta and activin during spermatogenesis. The difference between the expression of Smad2 and Smad3 suggests that they may have different functions within the testis. PMID: [12634305] 

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Figures for illustrating the function of this protein/gene
Ref: J. Xu, A. R. Beyer, W. H. Walker and E. A. McGee (2003) Developmental and stage-specific expression of Smad2 and Smad3 in rat testis. J Androl 24(2): 192-200. PMID: [12634305]
Ref: J. Xu, A. R. Beyer, W. H. Walker and E. A. McGee (2003) Developmental and stage-specific expression of Smad2 and Smad3 in rat testis. J Androl 24(2): 192-200. PMID: [12634305]
Function
Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is anintracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulatoractivated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activintype 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoterregion of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, onformation of the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. Mayact as a tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma. Positivelyregulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociationfrom the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator(By similarity). 
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Subcellular Location
Cytoplasm (By similarity). Nucleus (Bysimilarity). Note=Cytoplasmic and nuclear in the absence of TGF-beta. On TGF-beta stimulation, migrates to the nucleus whencomplexed with SMAD4. On dephosphorylation by phosphatase PPM1A,released from the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, and exported out of thenucleus by interaction with RANBP1 (By similarity). 
Tissue Specificity
 
Gene Ontology
GO IDGO termEvidence
GO:0032444 C:activin responsive factor complex IEA:Compara.
GO:0005737 C:cytoplasm IDA:RGD.
GO:0071141 C:SMAD protein complex IEA:Compara.
GO:0005667 C:transcription factor complex ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0003682 F:chromatin binding IEA:Compara.
GO:0003690 F:double-stranded DNA binding ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0003700 F:sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity IEA:Compara.
GO:0030618 F:transforming growth factor beta receptor, pathway-specific cytoplasmic mediator activity IEA:Compara.
GO:0009952 P:anterior/posterior pattern specification ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0045165 P:cell fate commitment ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0007182 P:common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation IEA:Compara.
GO:0048589 P:developmental growth IEA:Compara.
GO:0048701 P:embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis IEA:Compara.
GO:0048617 P:embryonic foregut morphogenesis IEA:Compara.
GO:0007492 P:endoderm development IEA:Compara.
GO:0001701 P:in utero embryonic development IEA:Compara.
GO:0030073 P:insulin secretion IEA:Compara.
GO:0035556 P:intracellular signal transduction ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0030324 P:lung development IEA:Compara.
GO:0001707 P:mesoderm formation ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0008285 P:negative regulation of cell proliferation IMP:RGD.
GO:0045892 P:negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent IEA:Compara.
GO:0038092 P:nodal signaling pathway IEA:Compara.
GO:0035265 P:organ growth IEA:Compara.
GO:0060021 P:palate development IEA:Compara.
GO:0031016 P:pancreas development IEA:Compara.
GO:0048340 P:paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0060039 P:pericardium development IEA:Compara.
GO:0030513 P:positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway IEA:Compara.
GO:0010718 P:positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition IEA:Compara.
GO:1900224 P:positive regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry IEA:Compara.
GO:0045944 P:positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0009791 P:post-embryonic development IEA:Compara.
GO:0051098 P:regulation of binding ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0017015 P:regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway IEA:Compara.
GO:0070723 P:response to cholesterol IEA:Compara.
GO:0009749 P:response to glucose stimulus IEA:Compara.
GO:0007183 P:SMAD protein complex assembly IEA:Compara.
GO:0006351 P:transcription, DNA-dependent IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
GO:0007179 P:transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0001657 P:ureteric bud development IEA:Compara.
GO:0007352 P:zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis IEA:Compara.
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Interpro
IPR013790;    Dwarfin.
IPR003619;    MAD_homology1_Dwarfin-type.
IPR013019;    MAD_homology_MH1.
IPR017855;    SMAD_dom-like.
IPR001132;    SMAD_dom_Dwarfin-type.
IPR008984;    SMAD_FHA_domain.
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Pfam
PF03165;    MH1;    1.
PF03166;    MH2;    1.
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SMART
SM00523;    DWA;    1.
SM00524;    DWB;    1.
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PROSITE
PS51075;    MH1;    1.
PS51076;    MH2;    1.
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PRINTS
Created Date
18-Oct-2012 
Record Type
Experiment identified 
Protein sequence Annotation
INIT_MET      1      1       Removed (By similarity).
CHAIN         2    467       Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog
                             2.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000090854.
DOMAIN       10    176       MH1.
DOMAIN      274    467       MH2.
MOTIF       221    225       PY-motif (By similarity).
MOD_RES       2      2       N-acetylserine (By similarity).
MOD_RES       8      8       Phosphothreonine (By similarity).
MOD_RES      19     19       N6-acetyllysine (By similarity).
MOD_RES     240    240       Phosphoserine; by CAMK2 (By similarity).
MOD_RES     458    458       Phosphoserine (By similarity).
MOD_RES     464    464       Phosphoserine (By similarity).
MOD_RES     465    465       Phosphoserine; by TGFBR1 (By similarity).
MOD_RES     467    467       Phosphoserine; by TGFBR1 (By similarity).
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Nucleotide Sequence
Length: 1942 bp   Go to nucleotide: FASTA
Protein Sequence
Length: 467 bp   Go to amino acid: FASTA
The verified Protein-Protein interaction information
UniProt
 Gene Symbol Ref Databases
Akt1MINT 
Other Protein-Protein interaction resources
String database  
View Microarray data
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