1. L. Zhang, M. Charron, W. W. Wright, B. Chatterjee, C. S. Song, A. K. Roy and T. R. Brown (2004) Nuclear factor-kappaB activates transcription of the androgen receptor gene in Sertoli cells isolated from testes of adult rats. Endocrinology 145(2): 781-9.
Abstract The androgen receptor (AR) in Sertoli cells mediates the actions of testosterone on spermatogenesis. However, the transcription factors responsible for AR gene regulation in Sertoli cells remain unknown. In this study, we determined that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates transcription of AR in primary cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from testes of adult rats. Electrophoretic mobility shift and antibody supershift assays with nuclear extracts prepared from Sertoli cells identified two binding sites, termed kappaB1 at -491/-482 bp and kappaB2 at -574/-565 bp, upstream of the transcription start site of the AR gene that bind the NF-kappaB subunits, p50 and p65. DNAse I footprint analyses showed that binding of the p50 NF-kappaB subunit protected the same regions on the rat AR promoter. Analyses of AR promoter-luciferase reporter gene activity after transfection of primary cultures of Sertoli cells demonstrated that mutation of the kappaB2 site or combined mutation of the kappaB1 and kappaB2 sites reduced activity by 40%. Preferential binding of the transcriptionally active p65/p50 heterodimer to the kappaB2 site rather than to the kappaB1 site supported these observations. Overexpression of the NF-kappaB p65 and p50 subunits in Sertoli cells increased activity from the wild-type AR promoter and the promoter with mutation of the kappaB1 site, but not the kappaB2 site. Activity was further stimulated by CBP (CREB binding protein), a coactivator of p65 transcriptional activity. Taken together, our data show that NF-kappaB is an activator of AR gene transcription in Sertoli cells and may be an important determinant of androgen activity during spermatogenesis. PMID: [14576180]
2. K. Mizuno, Y. Hayashi, Y. Kojima, A. Nakane, K. Tozawa and K. Kohri (2009) Activation of NF-kappaB associated with germ cell apoptosis in testes of experimentally induced cryptorchid rat model. Urology 73(2): 389-93.