SpermatogenesisOnline 1.0

Tag Content
SG ID
SG00003915 
UniProt Accession
Theoretical PI
9.74  
Molecular Weight
32931 Da  
Genbank Nucleotide ID
Genbank Protein ID
Gene Name
Slc25a5 
Gene Synonyms/Alias
Ant2 
Protein Name
ADP/ATP translocase 2 
Protein Synonyms/Alias
ADP,ATP carrier protein 2; Adenine nucleotide translocator 2;ANT 2 Solute carrier family 25 member 5; 
Organism
Mus musculus (Mouse) 
NCBI Taxonomy ID
10090 
Chromosome Location
chr:X;34335646-34338802;1
View in Ensembl genome browser  
Function in Stage
Uncertain 
Function in Cell Type
Uncertain 
Probability (GAS) of Function in Spermatogenesis
0.151408196 
The probability was calculated by GAS algorithm, ranging from 0 to 1. The closer it is to 1, the more possibly it functions in spermatogenesis.
Description
Temporarily unavailable 
Abstract of related literatures
1. Comparative studies of genes in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of human and mouse sex chromosomes have thus far been very limited. The only comparisons that can presently be made indicate that the PARs of humans and mice are not identical in terms of gene content. Here we describe additional comparative studies of human pseudoautosomal genes and their mouse homologs. Using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel, we have assigned the mouse homolog of the human pseudoautosomal interleukin 3 receptor alpha subunit (IL3RA) gene to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 14. Attempts to clone the mouse homolog of the human pseudoautosomal adenine nucleotide translocase-3 (ANT3) gene resulted in the isolation of the murine homologs of the human ANT1 and ANT2 genes. The mouse Ant1 and Ant2 genes are very similar in sequence to their human homologs, and we have mapped them to mouse Chromosomes (Chrs) (8 and X respectively) that exhibit conserved synteny with the chromosomes on which the human genes are located. In contrast, the homolog of ANT3 appears to be either very divergent or absent from the mouse genome. Southern blot analysis of DNA from a variety of mammalian species shows restricted conservation of human pseudoautosomal genes, a trend that also applies to the two cloned mouse homologs of these genes and to neighboring human genes in distal Xp22.3. Our observations combined with those of other workers lead us to propose a model for the evolution of the PAR that includes both rapid sequence evolution and the incremental reduction in size of the region during mammalian evolution. PMID: [8903724] 

2. Only two isoforms of the adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) protein have been identified in mouse, as opposed to the three in humans. To determine whether the homologous mouse and human proteins share similar patterns of expression, Northern and Western analyses were performed on several mouse tissues. Mouse Ant1 is expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle and heart, similar to human ANT1. Mouse Ant2 is strongly expressed in all tissues but muscle, in marked contrast to human ANT2. To investigate the molecular basis of these differences, we cloned and sequenced the genomic loci of mouse Ant1 and Ant2, and compared them to the three human ANT loci. The mouse and human ANT1 and ANT2 genes showed substantial homology starting about 300 base pairs (bp) 5' to the coding region and continuing through the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Repeats constituted 32% of 15kb of Ant1 sequence and 36% of the 27kb of Ant2 sequence and included SINEs, LINEs and LTR elements. The core promoters of the mouse and human ANT1 and ANT2 genes are very similar. However, the mouse Ant1 gene lacks the upstream OXBOX and REBOX elements found in human ANT1 genes, thought to be important for muscle-specific expression. The mouse Ant2 gene, like human ANT2, has an upstream GRBOX, yet this element is not associated with suppression of transcription, as hypothesized for human ANT2. These discrepancies indicate that additional studies will be required to fully understand the transcriptional regulation of both Ant1 and Ant2. PMID: [10974536] 

3. The National Institutes of Health's Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project was designed to generate and sequence a publicly accessible cDNA resource containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) for every human and mouse gene. The project initially used a random strategy to select clones from a large number of cDNA libraries from diverse tissues. Candidate clones were chosen based on 5'-EST sequences, and then fully sequenced to high accuracy and analyzed by algorithms developed for this project. Currently, more than 11,000 human and 10,000 mouse genes are represented in MGC by at least one clone with a full ORF. The random selection approach is now reaching a saturation point, and a transition to protocols targeted at the missing transcripts is now required to complete the mouse and human collections. Comparison of the sequence of the MGC clones to reference genome sequences reveals that most cDNA clones are of very high sequence quality, although it is likely that some cDNAs may carry missense variants as a consequence of experimental artifact, such as PCR, cloning, or reverse transcriptase errors. Recently, a rat cDNA component was added to the project, and ongoing frog (Xenopus) and zebrafish (Danio) cDNA projects were expanded to take advantage of the high-throughput MGC pipeline. PMID: [15489334] 

4. Acetylation of proteins on lysine residues is a dynamic posttranslational modification that is known to play a key role in regulating transcription and other DNA-dependent nuclear processes. However, the extent of this modification in diverse cellular proteins remains largely unknown, presenting a major bottleneck for lysine-acetylation biology. Here we report the first proteomic survey of this modification, identifying 388 acetylation sites in 195 proteins among proteins derived from HeLa cells and mouse liver mitochondria. In addition to regulators of chromatin-based cellular processes, nonnuclear localized proteins with diverse functions were identified. Most strikingly, acetyllysine was found in more than 20% of mitochondrial proteins, including many longevity regulators and metabolism enzymes. Our study reveals previously unappreciated roles for lysine acetylation in the regulation of diverse cellular pathways outside of the nucleus. The combined data sets offer a rich source for further characterization of the contribution of this modification to cellular physiology and human diseases. PMID: [16916647] 

5. Metazoans employ reversible tyrosine phosphorylation to regulate innumerable biological processes. Thus, the large-scale identification of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from primary tissues is an essential step toward a molecular systems understanding of dynamic regulation in vivo. The relative paucity of phosphotyrosine has greatly limited its identification in large-scale phosphoproteomic experiments. However, using antiphosphotyrosine peptide immunoprecipitations, we report the largest study to date of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from primary tissue, identifying 414 unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites from murine brain. To measure the conservation of phosphorylated tyrosines and their surrounding residues, we constructed a computational pipeline and identified patterns of conservation within the signature of phosphotyrosine. PMID: [18034455] 

6. IMAC in combination with mass spectrometry is a promising approach for global analysis of protein phosphorylation. Nevertheless this approach suffers from two shortcomings: inadequate efficiency of IMAC and poor fragmentation of phosphopeptides in the mass spectrometer. Here we report optimization of the IMAC procedure using (32)P-labeled tryptic peptides and development of MS/MS/MS (MS3) for identifying phosphopeptide sequences and phosphorylation sites. The improved IMAC method allowed recovery of phosphorylated tryptic peptides up to approximately 77% with only minor retention of unphosphorylated peptides. MS3 led to efficient fragmentation of the peptide backbone in phosphopeptides for sequence assignment. Proteomics of mitochondrial phosphoproteins using the resulting IMAC protocol and MS3 revealed 84 phosphorylation sites in 62 proteins, most of which have not been reported before. These results revealed diverse phosphorylation pathways involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Integration of the optimized batchwise IMAC protocol with MS3 offers a relatively simple and more efficient approach for proteomics of protein phosphorylation. PMID: [17208939] 

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Function
Catalyzes the exchange of cytoplasmic ADP withmitochondrial ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. As partof the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it may play a rolein chromosome segregation (By similarity). 
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Subcellular Location
Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-passmembrane protein. 
Tissue Specificity
 
Gene Ontology
GO IDGO termEvidence
GO:0016021 C:integral to membrane IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
GO:0005743 C:mitochondrial inner membrane IDA:MGI.
GO:0042645 C:mitochondrial nucleoid IEA:Compara.
GO:0071817 C:MMXD complex ISS:UniProtKB.
GO:0005215 F:transporter activity IEA:InterPro.
GO:0007059 P:chromosome segregation IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
GO:0055085 P:transmembrane transport IEA:InterPro.
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Interpro
IPR002113;    Aden_trnslctor.
IPR002067;    Mit_carrier.
IPR018108;    Mitochondrial_sb/sol_carrier.
IPR023395;    Mt_carrier_dom.
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Pfam
PF00153;    Mito_carr;    3.
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SMART
PROSITE
PS50920;    SOLCAR;    3.
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PRINTS
PR00927;    ADPTRNSLCASE.;   
PR00926;    MITOCARRIER.;   
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Created Date
18-Oct-2012 
Record Type
GAS predicted 
Sequence Annotation
INIT_MET      1      1       Removed.
CHAIN         2    298       ADP/ATP translocase 2.
                             /FTId=PRO_0000090580.
TRANSMEM      5     39       Helical; Name=1; (By similarity).
TRANSMEM     75    100       Helical; Name=2; (By similarity).
TRANSMEM    109    143       Helical; Name=3; (By similarity).
TRANSMEM    176    202       Helical; Name=4; (By similarity).
TRANSMEM    207    241       Helical; Name=5; (By similarity).
TRANSMEM    273    298       Helical; Name=6; (By similarity).
REPEAT        6     98       Solcar 1.
REPEAT      111    201       Solcar 2.
REPEAT      212    297       Solcar 3.
MOTIF       235    240       Substrate recognition (By similarity).
BINDING      80     80       Nucleotide (By similarity).
MOD_RES       2      2       N-acetylthreonine.
MOD_RES      23     23       N6-acetyllysine; alternate (Probable).
MOD_RES      23     23       N6-malonyllysine; alternate (By
                             similarity).
MOD_RES      42     42       Phosphoserine.
MOD_RES      52     52       N6,N6-dimethyllysine; alternate (By
                             similarity).
MOD_RES      52     52       N6-methyllysine; alternate (By
                             similarity).
MOD_RES      92     92       N6-acetyllysine; alternate (Probable).
MOD_RES      92     92       N6-malonyllysine; alternate (By
                             similarity).
MOD_RES      96     96       N6-malonyllysine (By similarity).
MOD_RES     105    105       N6-acetyllysine (By similarity).
MOD_RES     147    147       N6-malonyllysine; alternate (By
                             similarity).
MOD_RES     155    155       N6-acetyllysine.
MOD_RES     163    163       N6-acetyllysine.
MOD_RES     166    166       N6-acetyllysine.
MOD_RES     191    191       Phosphotyrosine.
MOD_RES     195    195       Phosphotyrosine.
MOD_RES     199    199       N6-acetyllysine.
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Nucleotide Sequence
Length: 1244 bp   Go to nucleotide: FASTA
Protein Sequence
Length: 298 bp   Go to amino acid: FASTA
The verified Protein-Protein interaction information
UniProt
 Gene Symbol Ref Databases
YwhabIntAct 
Dlg4IntAct 
Grid2IntAct 
PrkceIntAct 
Grin2bIntAct 
Other Protein-Protein interaction resources
String database  
View Microarray data
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